DID THE MOON LANDINGS REALLY HAPPEN?

On July 20th 1969, Man first set foot on the moon. Millions of people around the world were riveted to their TV screens as Neil Armstrong stepped from the Landing Module. Reality TV par excellence! Two years and five successful missions later, the number of moon-walkers had reached twelve.

But did it really happen?

Since Apollo 17 splashed down in 1972, momentum has gathered for the proposition that we have all been misled by the US Government and by NASA in particular. The case for this was probably best presented by Fox’s TV special Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon? which aired in the USA in February 2001. Millions of viewers apparently found the pro-hoax arguments persuasive and convincing.
Firstly, there were the technical experts (American and Russian) who claimed that NASA did not possess the technology in 1969 to achieve these feats, or at least, the likelihood of success was so tiny that the risk of real Moon landings would not have been seriously contemplated. This proposition is supported by the fact that no other country has since visited the Moon, and that NASA’s own manned missions since 1972 have been confined to Earth orbit.
Secondly, film footage of astronauts on the moon is said to contain so many technical errors that it must have been shot in a studio on Earth. Some of these alleged “errors” include ;

• The flag, when planted appears to wave in the breeze. The Moon is airless.
• Although the Moon’s sky is black, there are no stars.
• No blast crater is visible under the Landing Module.
• The landing process must have kicked up much dust. But no re-settled dust is visible.
• Why can you see footprints at the base of the Lander if all the dust has been blown away?
• Why is there no rocket plume from the module which blasts off from the Moon’s surface?
• The shadows appear to go in different directions so there must be several (studio) light sources,
• Although the video footage is of poor quality, the photographs are “too perfect“.

These and many other “flaws” came thick and fast, and to many viewers they provided hard evidence for a Moon Landing Hoax which was “Not only a fake, but a poor fake“.
Thirdly, the subsequent commercial film Capricorn 1 simulated landing on Mars in a way that was at least as “realistic” as the Moon Landing footage. It therefore View More Moon Landings

How and Why It Works
Squat at the edge of the bed of nails and sit down on the nails … don’t press on the nails with your hands. Then lie down fully on the nails … don’t press your head on the nails at any time. A feeling of wonder will come over you, soon replaced by a feeling of futility and ordinariness. Never mind, enjoy the rest of the day.
There are lots of large nails in the bed of nails. When you lie on it, your body touches about half of the nails … that’s about 750 … so for a 75kg body each nail will press with a barely noticeable force of about 100 grams. Because the nails are large (4-inch), the points are not particularly sharp. You can press a balloon onto the nails without it bursting.
NOTE: You can’t stand on the nails, or press on the nails with your hands or feet when you sit down, as there would be too much pressure spread over only a few nails. And even when you lie on it you mustn’t rest your head with any force.
How to Make a Bed of Nails
This can be a good school project … about 12 man-hours is required. Its mass is 20kg, mostly due to the nails. The materials required cost about $170 –

• Two sheets of peg board and one sheet of 9mm plywood, 900mm by 600mm
• 4 metres of 42x19mm batten and 2 metres of 42x12mm batten
• 20kg of 4-inch flat head nails – bright steel (galvanised are harder to get through the pegboard holes). A large hardware store should have this much in stock. If you buy four 5kg boxes, check samples to see that the nails really are identical. The nails should fit snugly in the holes of the peg board (both were 4.5mm diameter in our model)
• About 40 wood screws (8-gauge) with flat-bottomed heads, and wood glue
• Four heavy-duty handles for carrying it about
• Simple tools: wood saw, screwdriver, hammer, hand drill with 4mm bit

Clamp the 3 boards together and trim two edges so they become the same size. Cut batten to make a rectangular box that fits to the inside edges of the board. Screw the box together at the corners. Glue and screw it to one of the peg boards. Attach strong handles to the sides of the box … these will be handy for carrying it about.
Push a few pairs of nails up into the box and drop in some lengths of the thinner battens. These will stop the middle of the box from sagging or bulging out. The thinner battens must fit between diagonal rows of nails so that they don’t block any holes. Going along the diagonals allows the inner battens to be as thick as possible – such is the power of geometry. We used two long ones and two short inner battens, but any arrangement will do. Mark the positions of the inner battens on the outside of the box, or you’ll lose where they were.
Place the second peg board over the nails and press it down. Make sure the holes of both peg boards are lined up (the nails will ensure this). Screw both peg boards to the edge and middle battens (one screw per side and one screw per middle batten will do, for each peg board). These are just to hold things in place – more screws will be added through the plywood sheet at the end. Turn the box over and support it on two bricks. Now push a nail through every hole, starting with the diagonals alongside the internal battens. This takes several hours but with practice you can press a nail through the first peg board, find the hole in the second peg board and push it through. Tap it with a small hammer … very little force is needed. When most nails are in place remove the bricks and fill all the holes with nails. Check that none of the nails has a sharp burr on its tip … the points of 4-inch are really quite blunt. With all the nails fully in place, place the plywood sheet over the nail heads and screw it into place. This needs a good number of screws … 3-4 along each side and 3-4 along each inner batten. Drill pilot holes through the plywood and the lower pegboard so the screws bite into the side and inner battens. The plywood will keep the pegboards in place and stop the nails from sliding back out. That’s all there is to it! One person, or two people walking in step, can easily carry it about. Point the nails away from your body when carrying it, and be careful not to let anyone stumble or anything fall onto the nails. If carried in the boot of a car, put a spare sheet of plywood or a heavy rug over the nails so you can put things on top of it. It’s easier to get onto the bed of nails if it stands on two milk crates.

Related Sites

• “Physics Magic” video & information on Beds of Nails
  • http://www.mut.ac.th/~physics/Physics/PhysicsMagic/nails.htm
• Teachers and Concrete blocks on Beds of Nails
  • http://www.darylscience.com/Demos/BON.html

What is the Price of a Man’s Soul?

… About $4.50 , as at 8.30 pm on Friday 12th of April, if you happen to be young Melbourne comic Lawrence Leung.
Mr Leung made this revelation to an appreciative audience, which included seventeen Vic Skeptics and associates. He had listed his soul on E-Bay, partly from curiosity, and partly because his mother and his Priest had strongly advised against selling it to the devil.
Performed during Melbourne’s Comedy Festival, this one-man show, entitled “Skeptic“, featured episodes in a personal quest to confront the paranormal, such as staying in a haunted castle, and attending a John Edward event (while taking copious notes).
Mr Leung also presented a graphic documentation of a series of dubious but highly risible controlled experiments involving rakes, blindfolds, black cats, ladders and mirrors.
The show included audience participation of the “Mind-reading” variety. Lawrence made several accurate, seemingly impossible predictions about aspects of the night’s performance. Readers who attended Marc Salem’s recent show “Mind Games” at the CUB Malthouse Theatre would have seen some similar mind-boggling prophetic utterances sealed in an envelope and opened at the end of the show.
It was a pacy show, quirky yet polished. Probably very few people share Lawrence Leung’s refreshing outlook on life. More’s the pity.

For more information

• Lawrence Leung: http://www.lawrenceleung.com
• TV Psychic John Edward: http://www.csicop.org/si/2001-11/i-files.html
• Marc Salem: http://www.marcsalem.com

Borderline Skeptics Survive Hellfire and Dam(Nation).

By Laurie and Eden Smith.
Summer 2003, a time that will always have warm memories for the Borderline Group. To quote Russell Kelly, “We must have sinned more than usual to deserve this fiery hell“.
Here at Callaghan’s Creek, the first threat was just over the hill where a lightning strike started the first of many fires. At Mitta-Mitta, the Kellys and the Bradshaws were no further away from the Bogong fires. Over at Mount Beauty, Tracey O’Brien would have been paying keen interest to the fire reports, as would Tony Norton at Bright.

Things changed quickly following bad weather conditions, and we were all soon in that well-known ditch. The next two weeks were so crammed full of rumor, action, inaction, evacuations, highs and lows that we are all still catching up on lost time.

Despite record attendance at local churches, and the combined efforts of Ouyen’s women, no rain fell and the fires moved on when there was little else to burn.
The Kellys and ourselves received many amazing offers of assistance from Melbourne Skeptics that we will always remember fondly, so do come and visit us here in Australia’s water divining capital and don’t wait for a natural disaster to get in touch!

For more information

• The Borderline Skeptics: http://www.skeptics.com.au/
• Water Divining at Mitta Mitta: http://www.skeptics.com.au/journal/mitta2002.htm

Primary Science Education – a Cause for Concern?

From the address by CHRIS KRISHNA-PILLAY, Manager, CSIRO Education Victoria, to The Australian Skeptics (Victorian Branch) Public Meeting, held Wednesday 21th May 2003 8pm at the Barton Room, Whitehorse Inn Hotel, 5 Burwood Road, Hawthorn. Transcribed by James Gerrand.
The question is; should we be concerned about primary science? The answer is: yes. Why are people so worried? There are three main reasons.
The first is that science is ever changing so we need primary education to adapt to the changes. Currently there are weaknesses in the system, both in the content and in the way we educate.
Secondly, primary science is the seeding point for our science based technological society. You have the opportunity to make people care about science and technology, its process and why they matter. If you can’t make people care then you are relying on luck. Chris considers he was lucky View More May 2003 Talk

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