Theme: Logical Fallacies (1)
By Ken Greatorex
Suggested references: http://theskepticsguide.org/resources/logicalfallacies.aspx http://skeptics.cafe/2012/02/26/critical-thinking-videos-and-book/
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CLUES ACROSS:
1. & 12 Down: An argument that draws comparisons between two situations based on similarities which don’t really apply. Example: If evolution is random, then it’s like having an explosion in a rubbish tip which causes a working space shuttle to self- assemble. (two words, [5], [7])
7. In opposition [7]
10. Ad _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Attacking the person, not the argument [7]
11. Unhappy [3]
13. Wharf [4]
14. Italian wine [4]
16. See 36 Across
18. Jelly [5]
20. See 26 Across
21. The Lion [3]
22. & 65 Down: Literally, “You Too”. Also known as an Appeal to Hypocrisy. It dismisses someone’s point of view based on criticism of the person’s inconsistency, and not the position presented. (Two words, [2], [6])
23. Foot-operated lever [5]
24. Certain [4]
26. & 20 Across: : _ _ _ _ _ _ the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Arbitrarily shifting the requirement for proof beyond the range of current evidence: Example: An intermediate fossil is demanded to establish an evolutionary relationship between species A and species C. Species B is discovered and fits the criteria. Now there are two new demands: for intermediates between A & B and B & C. (Two words, [6], [8])
28. & 61 Across: An attempt to counter a position by arguing against a different position. Example: Skeptics oppose Homeopathy because it conflicts with their world view (not because Scientific testing consistently exposes Homeopathy as valueless) (Two words, [5], [3])
29. Segment of a circle [3]
31. Primate [3]
32. Instruct, educate [5]
34. Non-prescription analgesic [7]
35. Not many[3]
36. & 57 Across & 16 Across: If the premises lead to an absurd conclusion then the premises must be wholly or partly wrong. This reasonable principle has suffered abuse. Example: If I don’t believe in ghosts I must necessarily not believe in atoms, since I haven’t actually seen either. (Three words, [8], [2]], [8])
38. Playing card [3]
39. Festival or feast. [4]
40. Quarry [4]
41. Purge, eradicate, become free from [3]
42. & 8 Down: Argument from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ “I cannot explain or understand that, therefore it can’t be true” (two words, [8], [11])
44. Sweet Food [5]
45. Mineral Spring [3]
47. Dandy, fop [4]
48. See 48 Down
50. Biblical priest [3]
52. & 15 Down: Argument based on the idea that if A preceded B, A must necessarily have caused B (Two words, often hyphenated [4], [3])
54. Small citrus fruits [8]
57. See 36 Across
58. Cold [3]
59. Belonging to us [3]
60. Charged atom [3]
61. See 28 Across
62. Related to words [6]
64. Rich, creamy soup made from meat, fish, or shellfish [6]
67. Contradict; reject [4]
68. Digital appendages [4]
69. & 2 Down: Logical fallacy where a stated conclusion is not supported by its premise. Example: All men are human. Mary is human, therefore Mary is a man. (Two words, [3], [8])
70. Fastened firmly in place [5]
72. Ad _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ The argument from ignorance; The argument that a belief is true because we don’t know that it isn’t true. Example: The human brain is so complicated that it is not yet thoroughly understood, so it’s likely that ESP is possible. [11]
74. Factual [4]
77. Argument from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. Example: Dr X believes in Y and he’s a highly qualified person, so it must be true [9]
80. Tree [3]
81. An argument which employs circular reasoning: Example: The Bible is the Word of God. The Bible tells us so and the Bible is infallible, because it’s the Word of God. [9]
82. Territory of North-West Canada [5]
83. Garland [3]
84. (abb) Retire from military service [5]
85. Malady with alternating periods of chills, fever, and sweating [4]
CLUES DOWN:
1. Genetic _ _ _ _ _ _ _. Error of relevance based 1n linking current usage to superseded historical usage. Example: It is inappropriate to wear a wedding ring because the wedding ring evolved from the slave-bracelet. [7]
2. See 69 Across
3. Bashful [3]
4. Occurring at the end [5]
5. Argument based on reverse of cause and effect, also called Argument from Final Consequences: Example: The earth is an ideal place for humans to live, therefore it must have been designed that way. [12]
6. Shorthand for paranormal [3]
7. Sun-dried brick [5]
8. See 42 Across
9. Novel, play, or film that continues a previously related story [6]
12. See 1 Across
14. Large vessel used to hold liquids [3]
15. See 52 across
17. Plausible but fallacious argumentation [9]
19. Cleric who assists a vicar [6]
24. Cooked by simmering [6]
25. Female sheep [3]
27. Related to the period during which menstruation ceases [10]
28. & 42 Down: Another term for ad hoc reasoning. Example: Water Diviners perform badly when scientifically tested. Obviously the testing procedure interferes with the divining process. (Two words, [7], [8])
29. Units of area [5]
30. Study of using language persuasively. [8]
31. From, at or to a great distance [4]
33. False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _: The arbitrary reduction of many possibilities to only two. Example: He is an enemy of my enemy therefore he must be my friend. [9]
37. Lair [3]
39. Unrestricted [4]
40. South American country [4]
42. See 28 Down
43. Snake [3]
45. Body of water [3]
46. Stroke lightly as a gesture of affection [3]
47. Seed vessel with hooks or prickles [4]
48. & 48 Across: The idea that a position is untenable because to accept the position would necessarily require one to accept the extreme. Example: Pornography should not be banned, because once any form of literature can be banned, will never stop. It will lead to burning all the classic books. (Two words, [8], 5])
49. Possess [3]
51. Place, stead [4]
53. Oblation [8]
54. False _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _: If the distinction between two extremes is not clear cut, then it is not real or meaningful. Example: One grain of sand is not a heap. Two grains of sand is not a heap. Three grains of sand is still not a heap; and so on. Therefore, as long as we add grain by grain, we will never form a heap of sand. [9]
55. Change position [4]
56. See 63 Down
63. & 56 Down: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. A conclusion is assumed within a question. Example: When are you going to stop beating your wife? (Two words, [7], [8])
64. Change from a liquid to a vapour by the application of heat [4]
65. See 22 Across
66. Period of time [5]
71. Herb [4]
73. Without legal force; invalid [4]
75. Fish [3]
76. Mixed emotion of reverence, respect, dread, and wonder [3]
77. Vote of affirmation [3]
78. Technical Knock-out [3]
79. Flat top part of a stove [3]